Divide students into two groups. Assign one group to serve as “representatives of a new union, representing the interests of Pullman Porters and Maids.” The other group is assigned to serve as “representatives of Pullman Porters and Maids who believe unions are a bad idea.”

Assign students historical documents related to the Pullman Porters and Maids to read in advance of class, or provide time during the class period.

The provided sources incorporate:

  • Readings on the background of the professional duties, expectations, limitations and exploitation of Pullman Porters and Maids
  • Readings on the goals of labor unions; the concept of collective bargaining; and the treatment of Blacks by White unions:

As students read, they should take notes to support their role in the debate. Students should be prepared to incorporate responses to the following questions into their debates as well as to draft questions for the “other side” during the debate. 

  • What were the most significant reasons for Pullman Porters and Maids to join a union? To not join a union? 
  • What compelling facts and the background information found in the primary sources support or detract from the goal of unionizing?
  • How does the slogan “Fight or Be Slaves” support or conflict with your position?

Students should then work collaboratively with their team to prepare an opening statement and central argument. They should support their claims with evidence from the sources and additional research as needed. Encourage students to use complexity in their response and to use specific evidence from the primary source documents to support their opinion. Run the debate with the following schedule:

  • Opening statements from both sides (2 minutes each)
  • Main arguments from both sides (5 minutes each)
  • Time to regroup and compose a rebuttal (5 minutes)
  • Rebuttals from both sides (2 minutes each)
  • Closing statements from both sides (2 minutes each).

Have students reflect on the debate by writing a paragraph in response to the following question: 

  • Do you think the benefits of joining the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters outweighed the risks? Why or why not?

Debate – The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids