As the 1870s progressed, many Black people concluded that the South held no opportunity for them and chose to migrate west.  

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An experience of nine years convinces us that it is to the interest of our people. . . to leave this state for some other state or territory more favorable to their material, social and intellectual advancement.

We have labored faithfully since our emancipation for the landed class of Alabama, without receiving adequate compensation, or without the possibility of ever receiving any reasonable remuneration. . . . And consequently, instead of advancing our material interests . . . our condition is becoming worse. . . and many of our people are on the verge of starvation. And inasmuch as there is no prospect of our opportunities being any better. . . we recommend the formation of an association to be called the “Emigration Association of Alabama.”

Source: Henry E. Cobb, “The Negro as a Free Laborer in Alabama, 1865-1875,”Midwest Journal, 6 (Fall 1954).  Reprinted in Foner, Philip S., and Ronald L. Lewis, eds. Black Worker: A Documentary History, Volume II: The Black Worker During the Era of the National Labor Union. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978.

Document 4.10.11: Excerpts from “Resolution Adopted by Negro Convention Montgomery, Alabama, December 1, 1874